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The origin of complex cells started without oxygen,new research suggests.Since the 1960s, many experts have argued that the emergence of eukaryotes (cells containing a clearly defined nucleus) happened in response to the oxygenation asics of Earth鈥檚 surface environment.But a team led by the universities of Stanford and Exeter say recent advances in the Earth and life sciences challenge this view.Their review says these breakthroughs "decouple" the emergence of eukaryotes (known as eukaryogenesis) from rising oxygen levels, and suggest eukaryotes in fact emerged in an anoxic (no-oxygen) environment in the ocean."We can now independently date eukaryogenesis and key oxygenation transitions in Earth history," said Dr Daniel Mills, of Stanford University."Based on fossil an dunk d biological records, the timing of eukaryogenesis does not correlate with these oxygen transitions in the atmosphere (2.22 billion years ago nike dunks ) or the deep ocean (0.5 billion years ago)."Instead, mitochondria-bearing eukaryotes LONDON:The International Cricket Council (ICC) has cleared West Indies鈥?Marlon Samuels to bowl again after serving a 12-month ban for an illegal bowling action.The batsman, who only bowls part-time off-spin fo adidas samba sale r West Indies, received the ban in December 2015 after picking up two suspensions in two years for the same offence.鈥淔ollowing remedial work and reassessment, the bowling action of West Indies鈥?Marlon Samuels has been found to be legal, and the player can now resume bowling in international cricket,鈥?said the ICC in a statement.Pakistan to tour West Indies between March and May鈥淭he umpires are still at liberty to report Samuels if they believe he is displaying a suspect a adidas campus verte ction and not reproducing the legal action from the reassessment,鈥?added the statement.Samuels underwent testing on January 29 at Loughborough University in Britain. His elbow extension in adidas campus noir his remodelled action was within the allowed 15 degrees.The 36-year-old鈥檚 ban stemmed from testing in Brisbane after he was re